The study of natural convection of liquid metal has the important role in terms of the material processing such as continuous steel casting, single crystal growth of silicon, etc. A liquid metal exhibits oscillatory convection due to its low Prandtl number, and the quality of solidified products decreases.
To control the natural convection of liquid metals, the application of a magnetic field is one of the considerable solutions. With applying the magnetic field only, the natural convection is damped out by the Lorentz force which is the interaction between the induced electric current and the external magnetic field. When both the magnetic field and the additional electric current are applied
Study of fluids under magnetic field is called Magneto Hydrodynamics Temperature gradient in the liquid metal caused the thermoelectric current, which induced the Lorentz force by the application of a magnetic field. The combined study of thermoelectric current and MHD has been called TEMHD (thermoelectric MHD) or TEMC (thermo electromagnetic convection)
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