The anti-knock quality of gasoline fuel used in spark ignition internal combustion engine can be enhanced by the addition of lead alkyls .But this results in the formation and emission of toxic lead compounds .a recent practice is to enhance the anti-knock property of the fuel by using certain high octane oxygen containing compounds called oxygenates The use of oxygenates to replace the lead additives in gasoline is considered now as an alternative. The most commonly used oxygenates are MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether ), methanol and ethanol .MTBE is manufactured from isobutene and methanol , while methanol is manufactured from natural gas or synthesized from a variety of materials such as coal, municipal wastes and biomass. Ethanol is derived from the direct fermentation of sugars, fermentation of starches and cellulose after chemical or enzymatic pretreatment or made from petroleum sources. These three oxygenates have different chemical and physical properties whencompared to gasoline
These differences are expected to influence the performance and combustion products of gasoline-oxygenates blends. The study offers a comparison between the oxygenated and leaded fuel in terms of engine performance.
Smart combustors
This seminar will review the state of the art of active control of gas turbine combustors processes. The seminar will first discuss recently developed approaches for active control of detrimental combustion instabilities by use of 'fast' injectors that modulate the fuel injection rate at the frequency of the instability and appropriate phase and gain. Next, the paper discusses two additional approaches for damping of combustion instabilities; i.e., active modification of the combustion process characteristics and open loop modulation of the fuel injection rate at frequencies that differ from the instability frequency. The second part of the seminar will discuss active control of lean blowout in combustors that burn fuel in a lean premixed mode of combustion to reduce NOx emissions. This discussion will describe recent developments of optical and acoustic sensing techniques that employ sophisticated data analysis approaches to detect the presence of lean blowout precursors in the measured data. It will be shown that this approach can be used to determine in advance the onset of lean blowout and that the problem can be prevented by active control of the relative amounts of fuel supplied to the main, premixed, combustion region and a premixed pilot flame. The will close with a discussion of research needs, with emphasis on the integration of utilized active control and health monitoring and prognostication systems into a single combustor control system.
Weber carburettors
Weber carburetors were originally produced in Italy by Edoardo Weber as part of a conversion kit for 1920s Fiats. Weber pioneered the use of twin barrel carburetors with two barrels (or venturi) of different sizes, the smaller one for low speed running and the larger one optimised for high speed use.
In the 1930s Weber began producing twin barrel carburetors for motor racing where two barrels of the same size were used. These were arranged so that each cylinder of the engine has its own carburetor barrel. These carburetors found use in Maserati and Alfa Romeo racing cars.
In time, Weber carburetors were fitted to standard production cars and factory racing applications on automotive marques such as Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Aston Martin, BMW, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Lamborghini, Lancia, Lotus, Maserati, Porsche, Triumph, and Volkswagen.
In the United States Weber Carburetors are sold for both street and off road use. They are sold in what is referred to as a Weber Conversion kit. A Weber conversion kit is a complete package of Weber Carburetor, intake manifold or manifold adapter, throttle linkage, air filter and all of the necessary hardware needed to install the Weber on a vehicle.
VVT-i
VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota. The Toyota VVT-i system replaces the Toyota VVT offered starting in 1991 on the 4A-GE 20-Valve engine. The VVT system is a 2-stage hydraulically controlled cam phasing system.
VVT-i, introduced in 1996, varies the timing of the intake valves by adjusting the relationship between the camshaft drive (belt, scissor-gear or chain) and intake camshaft. Engine oil pressure is applied to an actuator to adjust the camshaft position. In 1998, 'Dual' VVT-i (adjusts both intake and exhaust camshafts) was first introduced in the RS200 Altezza's 3S-GE engine. Dual VVT-i is also found in Toyota's new generation V6 engine, the 3.5L 2GR-FE V6. This engine can be found in the Avalon, RAV4, and Camry in the US, the Aurion in Australia, and various models in Japan, including the Estima. Other Dual VVT-i engines will be seen in upcoming Toyota models, including a new 4 cylinder Dual VVT-i engine for the new generation 2007/2008 Corolla. Another notable implementation of the Dual VVT-i is the 2GR-FSE D-4S engine of the Lexus GS450h. By adjusting the valve timing, engine start and stop occur virtually unnoticable at minimum compression, and fast heating of the catalytic converter to its light-off temperature is possible, thereby reducing HC emissions considerably
Space Shuttle
Previously, all ventures in to space were achieved with giant rockets which, after a certain amount of time , were directed back in to the earth’s atmosphere to be reduced to a cinder by the enormous heat of re entry –after the crew and their capsule had been ejected virtually all of that tremendously expensive equipment was destroyed after only one use.
Following are the main supporting systems of a space shuttle.
1. Propulsion system
2. External fuel tank
3. Space shuttle orbiter
ELECTRON BEAM DEPOSITION
Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF) is an emerging cross-cutting technology for producing structural metal parts. The process can be used to build a complex, unitized part in a layer-additive fashion, although the more immediate payoff is for use as a manufacturing process for adding details to components fabricated from simplified castings and forgings or plate products. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the primary elements of an EBF system. EBF employs a high power electron beam in a vacuum environment (1 ´ 10-4 torr or lower).
Wire feedstock is used due to difficulties feeding powder in a vacuum since the carrier gas used to assist powder delivery will be ionized in the electron beam. Operation in a vacuum ensures a clean process environment and eliminates the need for a consumable shield gas as is typically used in laser deposition systems. The EBF process is nearly 100% efficient in feedstock consumption and approaches 95% efficiency in power usage. The electron beam couples well with any electrically conductive material, including highly reflective alloys, such as aluminium and copper. A variety of weldable alloys can be processed using EBF; further development is required to determine if non-weldable alloys cam also be deposited. Demonstrated deposition rates for EBF are 330 to 2500 cm/hr (20 to 150 in3/hr), with lower resolution in the ability to build fine details. Experiments are planned with the fine diameter wires to attempt to construct fine details and large diameter wires to increase deposition rate, process efficiency, and material compatibility for insertion into the production environment.
SOLAR HEAT ENERGY STORAGE IN PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS
Building an economical and competent resource for energy storage, plays a key role in energy conservation as it can cut down the time radically, for both energy supply and energy demand. This innovative concept as crucial as locating fresh sources of energy, can actually enhance the output of the whole energy system there by escalating its consistency.
In phase change materials (PCM?s) like the salt hydrates, paraffin?s, non-paraffin?s and eutectics of inorganic, the storage of solar heat energy, leads to compactness and delivering of heat energy at steady temperatures.
Solid freeform fabrication
The Role of Software in Nuclear Engineering
The Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC) is focused on collecting, organizing, and disseminating computational codes and nuclear data associated with radiation transport and safety. Established in 1963 as the Radiation Shielding Information Center, RSICC currently has a library of approximately 1700 code and data packages used for radiation source characterization, dosimetry, neutral- and charged-particle shielding, criticality safety, radiation dispersion modeling, and reactor physics. Although a large number of these software packages represent an archiving of historical information, approximately 2000 software packages are distributed each year because they represent current state-of-the-art software that is valuable for general- and special-purpose nuclear analyses. These software packages are widely distributed worldwide, especially to nuclear engineering students and professors.
Six stroke engines
The quest for an engine which having the same or more power with higher fuel efficiency than the existing ones has started before many years. As a result of all these researches a new engine concept is formed, which is a six stroke engine. Lot of research works are conducting on this topic nowadays and already six types of six stroke engines were discovered yet. Of these the resent developed three six stroke engines, i.e., Beare head, Bruce crowers and Velozeta’s are undergoing tremendous research works.
During every cycle in a typical four stroke engine, piston moves up and down twice in the chamber, resulting in four total strokes and one of which is the power stroke that provides the torque to move the vehicle. But in a six stroke engine there are six strokes and out of these there are two power strokes. The automotive industry may soon be revolutionized by a new six-stroke design which adds a second power stroke, resulting in much more efficiency with less amount of pollution.
Reverse gear
Reverse is very similar to first gear, except that instead of the small sun gear being driven by the torque converter turbine, the bigger sun gear is driven, and the small one freewheels in the opposite direction. The planet carrier is held by the reverse band to the housing. So, according to our equations from the last page,
we have:Ratio = -R/S = 72/36 = 2.0:1
So the ratio in reverse is a little less than first gear in this transmission.
Problems Facing Reverse gear design
1)The reverse gear didn't used to slot properly but the reverse alarm used to go off . the car would still remain in kind of neutral as releasing the clutch too wouldn't stall the car.
2)Need to put extra effort to go in reverse gear
3) The reverse gear will not fall in slot and the car will not move back. sometimes it just will not and i have to try by moving car a little forward and then putting it in back gear slot all over again, and then it will work. why is this mess?
ELECTRON BEAM DEPOSITION
Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF) is an emerging cross-cutting technology for producing structural metal parts. The process can be used to build a complex, unitized part in a layer-additive fashion, although the more immediate payoff is for use as a manufacturing process for adding details to components fabricated from simplified castings and forgings or plate products.
Wire feedstock is used due to difficulties feeding powder in a vacuum since the carrier gas used to assist powder delivery will be ionized in the electron beam. Operation in a vacuum ensures a clean process environment and eliminates the need for a consumable shield gas as is typically used in laser deposition systems. The EBF process is nearly 100% efficient in feedstock consumption and approaches 95% efficiency in power usage. The electron beam couples well with any electrically conductive material, including highly reflective alloys, such as aluminium and copper. A variety of weldable alloys can be processed using EBF; further development is required to determine if non-weldable alloys cam also be deposited. Demonstrated deposition rates for EBF are 330 to 2500 cm/hr (20 to 150 in3/hr), with lower resolution in the ability to build fine details. Experiments are planned with the fine diameter wires to attempt to construct fine details and large diameter wires to increase deposition rate, process efficiency, and material compatibility for insertion into the production environment.
Hydro forming
Hydro forming is the process by which water pressure is used to form complex shapes from sheet or tube material.
Applications of hydro forming in automotive industry are gaining globally in popularity. The trend in auto manufacturing of making parts lighter and more complicated with necessary strength reinforcement only where required is on the rise. The capability of hydro forming is more fully used to produce such complicated parts.
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that company's Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, and Lexus GS 450h automobiles. It combines the characteristics of an electric drive and a continuously variable transmission, using electricity and transistors in place of toothed gears. The Synergy Drive is a drive-by-wire system with no direct mechanical connection between the engine and the engine controls: both the gas pedal and the gearshift lever in an HSD car merely send electrical signals to a control computer
HSD is a refinement of the original Toyota Hybrid System (THS) used in the 1997–2003 Toyota Prius. As such it is occasionally referred to as THS II. The name was changed in anticipation of its use in vehicles outside the Toyota brand (Lexus).
When required to classify the transmission type of an HSD vehicle (such as in standard specification lists or for regulatory purposes), Toyota describes HSD-equipped vehicles as having E-CVT (Electronically-controlled Continuously Variable Transmission).
Control of Micro-Scale Systems
On the macro scale, feedback control is routinely applied to improve performance and enable new tasks in complex and uncertain systems operating in noisy environments. Our lab has focused on applying feedback control ideas to systems on the micro scale. Here we show how control methods can improve existing performance in the UCLA lab-on-a-chip electrowetting system and can create entirely new capabilities in our 'micro fluidic tweezers' cell steering devices.In the Electro-Wetting-On-Dielectric (EWOD) system developed at UCLA by CJ Kim, a grid of electrodes is used to locally change surface tension forces on liquid droplets. By choosing the electrode firing sequence it is possible to move, split, join, and mix liquids in the droplets.
Nanoventions has developed a number of low-cost, complex micro-optic polymer film and particle products that provide optical for the second example; we show how feedback flow control can enable particle steering in cheap, handheld micro-fluidic systems using real time vision feedback and routine electro-osmotic actuation. Here we create temporally and spatially varying flow fields that carry all the particles along their desired trajectories. We have demonstrated flow steering of many particles at once both in simulations and in experiments
MegaSquirt
The MegaSquirt is a programmable electronic fuel injection controllers are standalone EFI controllers that offer very flexible tuning options using a laptop computer. These controller range from build-it-yourself controllers to completely assembled, ready to install controllers. Some MegaSquirt vendors even offer ready to install wiring kits complete with finished wiring harnesses and tuning for certain vehicles.
The assembled controller takes input from a few different sensors in order to manage the fuel injectors, including a throttle position sensor (TPS), exhaust gas oxygen sensor (EGO or O2 sensor), MAP sensor, intake air temperature sensor (IAT), and a coolant temperature sensor (CLT). The latter two sensors themselves are usually the General Motors type, although you can recalibrate the controller to use other sensors.
POWER STEERING
Steering system is an integral part of every automobile. From the ordinary motor cycles to space vehicles, the easy manoeuvring & stability of the vehicle has always been the main subject of concern of the design engineers and research labs all over the world. In this scenario a new technology has emerged known as power steering- which must be a familiar word to every one who has at least once heard of something called a car which has enhanced features, enabling the driver to control the automobile with ease. The power steering helps the driver in manoeuvring the vehicle during sharp turns by multiplying the effort applied by the driver. This is done by increasing the sensitivity of the steering wheel to minute forces applied by the user. The two type of power steering systems that’s most commonly used are
1. Hydraulic power steering
2. Electric power steering
PROCESS MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE OF SIX SIGMA
Six sigma is best described as a journey-a journey for business professionals who are truly committed to improve productivity and profitability. Six sigma isn’t theoretical; its an active, hands-on practice that gets results. In short you don’t contemplate six sigma; you do it. And doing it has proven to be the Fast track to vastly improve the bottom line.
The six sigma story began in 1980’s at Motorola, where it has first developed and proven. This is where six sigma took off. Mikel Harry, PhD., the founder of the Motorola six sigma research institute, further refined methodology, to not only eliminate process waste, but also turn it into growth currency-regardless of the specific type of service, product or market sector.
Most companies function at four sigma- tolerating 6210 defects per one million opportunities. Operating at six sigma creates an almost defect free environment, allowing only 3.4 defects per one million opportunities; products and services are nearly perfect.(99.997%) Eliminating defects eliminates dissatisfaction.
DEVELOPMENT OF VVT TECHNOLOGY
Honda broke the ice when the NSX debuted in 1991 as the first production car with a variable valve timing system. Honda's VTEC (which sort of stands for Variable valve Timing and lift Electronic Control) system, which has basically remained unchanged since then, is still one of the most effective systems for making ultra high specific output. Ferrari has a really neat way of doing this. The camshafts on some Ferrari engines are cut with a three-dimensional profile that varies along the length of the cam lobe. At one end of the cam lobe is the least aggressive cam profile, and at the other end is the most aggressive. The shape of the cam smoothly blends these two profiles together. A mechanism can slide the whole camshaft laterally so that the valve engages different parts of the cam. The shaft still spins just like a regular camshaft, but by gradually sliding the camshaft laterally as the engine speed and load increase, the valve timing can be optimized.
Variable Valve Timing
Engine breathing is analogous to the breathing of any living organism. At rest, the lungs take in the necessary amount of air for normal function. When running, the lungs and heart work faster to supply more oxygen to the system. Engines can't do that because their breathing apparatus (comprised intake manifolds, intake runners, valves, valve lift and throttle bores) is fixed.
Resume Tracking system
The project uses the MS-ACCESS database.MS-ACCESS is a database management system.DBMS provides the facility of data storage and retrieval on computers hard drive.
A database is a collection of information related to a particular subject or purpose, such as tracking customer orders or maintaining a music collection. If your database isn't stored on a computer, or only parts of it are, you may be tracking information from a variety of sources that you're having to coordinate and organize yourself.
Using Microsoft Access, you can manage all your information from a single database file. Within the file, divide your data into separate storage containers called tables; view, add, and update table data using online forms; find and retrieve just the data you want using queries; and analyze or print data in a specific layout using reports.
In this project following task are carried out:
1. Database creation.
2. Table creation
3. Query creation
4. Form creation
5. Report generation